A2 used as the subject or object of a verb to show what thing or things you are referring to, or to add information about the thing just mentioned. It is usually used for things, not people :. These are principles which we all believe in. You know that little Italian restaurant - the one which I mentioned in my letter?
Is that the film in which he kills his mother? The death of his son was an experience from which he never fully recovered. It isn't a subject to which I devote a great deal of thought.
The band played a familiar tune which had everyone clapping along. It's a disease which affects mainly older people. The cliffs on which the houses are built are starting to crumble. He denied all responsibility for the rumours which have been circulating. These plants need a rich soil which retains moisture. Relative pronouns. Relative pronouns: which. No relative pronoun. Relative pronouns: typical errors. Which train do you want to take — the one in the morning or the one in the afternoon?
She had trouble deciding which of her dresses to wear to the party. Expresiones which is which. In summary, the words trend and tendency aggregate the ideas of propensity, inclination, growth, expansion, driven movement.
Based on those meanings, the semantic concept of trend rests on three main pillars: 1 otherness, in the sense that a trend exists upon an external force that attracts or leads it; 2 movement, identifiable in the ideas of inclination and propensity; 3 coverage, reporting on the meanings to extend, expand, and unfold CALDAS, Therefore, a trend in the general sense of the word is the predisposed inclination towards something, someone or some situation likely to happen in the near future.
Having a final attractive force, the general idea of a trend is something that tends to reach this otherness, and therefore, the idea of a trend presents a sense of finitude; i. The relationship of the trend with the concept of propensity also involves the consideration of uncertainty: although the situation is likely to happen, it has not yet happened, and there is no assurance that its course will not change.
Of course, the ideas associated with the term have varied throughout time, as well as the scientific paradigm in vogue, and the situation and aim of what it was used.
In order to identify how the original connotations and meanings acquired their current configuration, a historic bibliographical study was conducted, of which a summarized report will be presented in the following pages. The goal is to elucidate how the first connotation of the term, used as romantic inclination during the Middle Ages, was altered to the current meaning and gave birth of a vast range of related terms, such as trendy — one who is up-to-date with trends — and trendsetter — influencer who defines and establishes trends —, which date from the s COLLINS, ; HIGHAM, Historically, the first usage of the word tendency occurred in France during the Low Middle Ages, more specifically the thirteenth century.
The term was uttered with the connotation of inclination. The meaning reinforces the sense of otherness, for it requires an external element, that is, something or someone who causes the attraction. The word tendency was rarely used until the eighteenth century, when recaptured by science with the meaning of strength in a specific direction, tending to an end, dynamism, effort, and impulse.
It was due to the time, during the Enlightenment, French Revolution, and the encyclopedia, that the concept of tendency adopted one of its most recurrent associations: finiteness, a movement that expends itself.
During the same period, the area of Physics consolidated the meaning of trend, corresponding to attraction and force, which is used by physicists and other scientists to the present day. Conversely, the word tendency reached considerable propagation only after the nineteenth century, when psychologists started employing it in the plural form — tendencies — in the sense of propensity or predisposition of a certain individual in acting in a certain manner; his or her particular modalities of desire and orientation of individual needs.
Under this prerogative, psychologists added a crucial signification to the contemporary meaning: the pointed direction that will not necessarily or completely be reached or fulfilled CALDAS, Such an idea is central to the associations of uncertainty that are emblematic of the study, research, and adoption of trends — and evidently, fashion trends. It was also during the nineteenth century that the word acquired its evolutionary connotation, and which, for many, seems intrinsic to the notion of a tendency or trend.
Contemporaneously to the Industrial Revolution, the enrichment of European potency and positivism, the meaning of tendency assimilated the implications of progress and evolution, suggesting that history treads a straight and direct path to an inexorable fate Ibid. The positivist doctrine sustained by Comte grounds the current understanding of the concept of tendency — and, as a consequence, of the trend.
Also, in the nineteenth century, with the growing popularity of statistics, the word tendency began to be associated with mass and demographic movements and data, widely used by the traditional fields of sociology and nature sciences. For the greater part of the twentieth century, economists and statisticians would use the word in relation to the findings of their research.
In such scientific fields, a tendency is a direction a certain curve takes on a graph. It is noteworthy that the concepts of stretching results, broadly used in statistics, echo the meanings of the words tendency and trend, and the practice of trend studies.
The first record of the word trend to designate an object in the field of design is from the year , in the pages of a magazine which itself was entitled Trend.
Between and , trends acquired a comprehension similar to their current meaning, emphasizing their economic relevance. It is evident that the objective of advances in industry and productivity were and are concerned with programming continually renewed income ERNER, The fashion industry adopted an institutionalized and edited form of trends only in the last third of the twentieth century.
Individuals were avid for novelties, and the system developed after the Industrial Revolution had the ability to provide them. Trends, with a specific focus on fashion trends, occupy a central place in society and the economy because they solve the contradictions of capitalism: to produce the same consumer goods without interruption ERNER, By producing limited quantities of certain products in a series, industries introduced innovation in every series of product, encouraging consumers to renew their goods; i.
The historical literature produced about the constant change phenomenon — referring to a period when fashion trends were not yet institutionalized — often uses the terminology fashion or, in the plural form, fashions. Immanuel Kant, for example, uses the term fashions. When considering fashions, authors deal specifically with changes elapsed due to the taste for change — which overcomes the limits of apparel and clothing and reaches areas considered traditional, such as academia.
There may be emotional, intellectual, and even spiritual trends, since a trend is the direction in which something tends to move and provokes a consequent effect on culture, society, and on the business sector in which it develops RAYMOND, , p.
Trend forecasting is mostly associated with clothing and apparel — commonly referred as the fashion industry or sector —, although it can be applied in different social contexts. This dates from the nineteenth century and is explained by, among other reasons, the perception of the accelerated pace with which changes occur in the world of clothes, accessories, and hairstyles.
Fashion coordination was first legitimized by the need for the organization of production according to future demand. From the s onward, fashion forecasting became a multimillion dollar business. Companies such as Peclers, Promostyl, and Carlin long enjoy their recognized and traditional expertise in providing future inspiration for fashion designers and for other creative workers.
Southeast Asia is an area in which there is a form of Islam which is both devout and progressive, and therefore to be supported. It's an area in which I see a congruence of American interests and local interests: to have tolerant societies and become more prosperous. In certain areas where the media are still controlled, the changes have come to a halt, which is a very frustrating situation. I would like the changes to take place throughout China. The best problems selected from over 25 years of the Problem of the Week at Macalester College.
Joseph D. Konhauser, Dan Velleman, Stan Wagon, In eleven acute and widely ranging essays, Irigaray reconsiders the question of female sexuality in a variety of contexts that are relevant to current discussion of feminist theory and practice. Luce Irigaray, December 7, the date of Japan's surprise attack on the U. Emily S. Rosenberg, Belladonna, the white witch, desperately wants to be a wicked enchantress, but her magic produces flowers instead of snakes.
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