DMAA is a toxic substance with dangerous side effects. Buying such substances over the Internet is risky, not least because the strength of different DMAA batches can vary a great deal. DMAA is often used as an ingredient in so-called sports food supplements, and has been available in powder and capsule form. It is often used by body builders, and is sometimes taken by miners and truck drivers.
It is also used as a recreational drug. Regarding this increase in blood glucose, it should be noted that in one other study using Jack 3D for a period of 10 weeks and in one study using DMAA alone for a period of 12 weeks, no increase in blood glucose was observed [28,31].
In fact, a slight decrease was noted in both studies. Subjects were instructed to consume servings on each workout day. The mean number of workout days per week for subjects was four and the mean number of servings of the supplement consumed on workout days was 2. Before and after the intervention, resting blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and blood samples were collected for determination of complete blood count, metabolic panel and lipid panel.
Heart rate was noted to decrease slightly from pre-to post-intervention. No other effects of significance were noted for blood parameters.
It was concluded that Jack 3D does not result in a statistically significant increase in resting heart rate or blood pressure although systolic blood pressure was increased approximately 6 mmHg with supplement use. The supplement did not negatively impact bloodborne markers of health but may improve the blood lipid profile, as evidenced by the noted reduction in total and LDL cholesterol.
In one such study, 4 men and 2 women No change was noted in the measured variables following 15 days of supplementation. In response to acute intake, heart rate and diastolic blood pressure were increased approximately 6 bpm and 6 mmHg, respectively.
Using an acute study design, twelve subjects men Breath samples were collected immediately before ingestion and at 30, 60, 90 and minutes post ingestion, for a measure of energy expenditure. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at all times. Acute ingestion of two capsules of the supplement increased energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure above pre-ingestion values; values were greater than observed for placebo.
Systolic blood pressure increased approximately 20 mmHg for men and 12 mmHg for women, while diastolic blood pressure increased approximately mmHg for both men and women. The use of a lower dosage may attenuate this response. Subjects were provided the option to use either 1 or 2 capsules per day. This was done to duplicate the conditions in which individuals would use this dietary supplement in a non-laboratory setting.
For both conditions, capsules were taken with water on an empty stomach in the early morning, and if taking a second dosage, this was to be taken during the early to mid afternoon. Body weight, body composition, complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured pre-andpost-intervention.
When comparing pre-and post-intervention values for the supplement, significant decreases were noted in body weight and body fat percentage, while an increase was noted for resting heart rate approximately 6 bpm. Blood pressure was increased slightly with the supplement approximately 3 mmHg but not with placebo. These five subjects indicated that the ingestion of two capsules was associated with increased feelings of jitters and sleeplessness.
None of the remaining 11 subjects assigned to the supplement noted any adverse effects of treatment. Because of the chemical composition of DMAA and its similarity to other compounds, it has been suggested that the user may become dependent to this agent [41,42].
Dolan and Gatch, using a rodent model, investigated the abuse liability profile of DMAA compared to cocaine and methamphetamine [43]. Results indicated that DMAA produced reward-like effects and may produce subjective effects like that of abused psycho stimulants.
Because this study was conducted using mice, with dosing delivered via intraperitoneal injection at amounts that may not be representative of what most humans would ingest 0.
Regardless, this outcome illustrates the potential to abuse and misuse DMAA, something that has been noted anecdotally by those claiming to use this ingredient. Clearly, more human studies would be needed to more fully understand the potential abuse liability of DMAA.
Some individuals have suggested that DMAA ingestion results in elevated body temperature and impaired thermoregulation. We are unaware of evidence that supports this assertion. Our work indicates that body temperature is maintained within one degree Fahrenheit during a hours post ingestion period after men received a single dosage of 25 mg of DMAA [5]. In support of the above findings, other well-recognized stimulants such as caffeine and ephedrine have been noted to have minimal to no impact on body temperature, even during exercise heat stress [44,45].
Roti et al. The authors noted no increase in internal body temperature during exercise, despite the high dosage of stimulant provided. Collectively, these studies indicate that well-known stimulants fail to increase internal body temperature, even when provided at very high dosages. Considering the minimal effects of DMAA and caffeine on human body temperature, there is no scientific basic to claim that DMAA at a dosage of mg would lead to a significant increase in body temperature [5,44].
Such a suggestion is mere speculation and fails to consider the available science. Aside from the overall safety concerns raised, additional discussion has centered on DMAA in relation to its origin. That is, some authors have reported that DMAA is found naturally in plants, while others disagree with this assertion [8,]. In analytical chemistry, the critical review of data is important for explaining differences in reported results. In short, scientists continue to disagree on whether DMAA can be identified in plant species.
Regardless, it is obvious that despite its claimed existence in plants or the plant oils, since the quantities of detection are very small, dietary supplements using dosages of mg of DMAA per serving must include synthetic DMAA in these preparations. It would be difficult for a manufacturer to provide support to the contrary. Assuming that DMAA is of natural origin, the question arises as to whether or not use of a synthetic version of the ingredient within dietary supplement preparations would be of concern.
For some individuals, the answer is likely yes, as they believe that all dietary supplements should be natural and contain no synthetic components. Other might argue, no; they are fine with the use of synthetic ingredients as long as said ingredient does exist in nature.
The rationale for the latter might be the simple fact that the use of synthetic ingredients within dietary supplements is common. For example, synthetic vitamin E dl-alpha-tocopherol has been used for many years, although well-documented to be inferior to the natural form of this vitamin. The same is true for many other agents that are naturally occurring but are used in synthetic form within dietary supplements. Synthetic when it comes to dietary supplements does not necessarily equate to harm, which is often the implication.
It simply means different and in some cases, inferior. Physicians and pharmacists understand clearly that two vital components are necessary to obtain the desired outcome when it comes to the use of prescription pharmaceuticals: 1 the drug itself and 2 the dosage and dosing frequency. The same concept applies to multiple areas, including nutritional intake and physical exercise.
The desired outcome is only achieved when the agent of change is delivered at the optimal dosage and frequency. Anything below the optimal dosage may lead to negligible changes, while anything above the optimal dosage may lead to adverse outcomes. This principle needs to be applied to dietary supplements and, in the case of our discussion, DMAA. As mentioned above, in many of the case reports noting significant adverse outcomes from DMAA ingestion, quantities of use appeared to be far greater than what would be recommended by the manufacturer or tolerated by human consumption.
Based on a review of product labels and anecdotal reports, most DMAA containing dietary supplements are thought to include approximately 25 mg of DMAA per serving. We know from our prior controlled studies using DMAA that blood pressure increases in a dose-dependent manner with treatment.
That is, at 25 mg we observe essentially no change in blood pressure, with a 7 mmHg mean increase at a dosage of 50 mg and a 16 mmHg mean increase at a dosage of 75 mg [4]. If this was the case, it is not surprising that adverse effects were noted.
Such activity is extremely unwise and should be strongly discouraged. The above would be akin to an individual ingesting 3, mg of caffeine in the morning rather than the usual mg found in two cups of coffee; or perhaps drinking glasses of wine with dinner rather than an acceptable, one or two glasses.
Likewise, it would be similar to the cardiologist prescribing mg of Atenolol to their patient rather than a more typical dosage of 25 mg of this beta-blocker.
No rational person would consider doing such things, as they know the results could be devastating. The outcome is dependent on more than the agent; it is also dependent on the dosage of agent being delivered and this should always be taken into account.
Many individuals have questioned whether DMAA should have been targeted for removal from the market based on the available evidence. From a scientific point of view, there exist very few studies focused on the safety of DMAA. Drug Testing and Analysis, 7 5 , — Austin, K. Analysis of 1,3 dimethylamylamine concentrations in Geraniaceae, geranium oil and dietary supplements. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6 , — Bloomer, R. Effects of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine alone or in combination on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy men and women.
The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 39 3 , — Brown, J. Toxicity from bodybuilding supplements and recreational use of products containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine. Medical Journal of Australia, 8 , — Cohen, P.
Taking DMAA can raise blood pressure and lead to cardiovascular problems ranging from shortness of breath and tightening in the chest to heart attack. The FDA continues to advise consumers not to buy or use products marketed as dietary supplements that contain DMAA due to the health risks they present. This substance narrows blood vessels and arteries, which can raise blood pressure, and may lead to cardiovascular problems such as shortness of breath, arrhythmias, tightening in the chest, and heart attack, as well as seizures and other neurological and psychological conditions.
These actions are being taken to protect consumers and get these products off the shelves as quickly as possible. Starting in , the FDA has issued warning letters to companies notifying them that marketing DMAA-containing products violates the law.
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